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**Sensor Size Matters**: A camera's sensor size plays a crucial role in image quality.

A larger sensor can capture more light, resulting in better low-light performance and shallower depth of field.

This is why full-frame sensors are often preferred by professionals.

**Aperture and Lens Design**: The aperture of a lens (represented by the f-number) affects the amount of light that enters the camera.

A lower f-number (e.g., f/1.4) means a larger aperture, allowing more light in, while a higher f-number (e.g., f/16) means a smaller aperture, letting less light in.

**Image Stabilization**: Optical image stabilization (OIS) helps reduce camera shake and blur by moving the lens elements to counteract camera movements.

Electronic image stabilization (EIS) achieves this through digital processing.

**Autofocus Systems**: Phase-detection autofocus uses a secondary sensor to detect the phase difference between light rays, enabling faster and more accurate focusing.

Contrast-detection autofocus, on the other hand, uses image contrast to adjust focus.

**mRNA Technology**: mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccines, like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, use a piece of genetic material to instruct cells to produce a protein, which triggers an immune response.

**Adenovirus Vectors**: Viral vector vaccines, like AstraZeneca, use a weakened adenovirus to deliver genetic material to cells, stimulating an immune response.

**Immune Response**: Vaccines trigger an immune response by introducing a small, harmless piece of the virus, which the body recognizes as foreign, stimulating the production of antibodies and immune cells to fight the virus.

**Herd Immunity**: When a sufficient percentage of a population is vaccinated, herd immunity is achieved, protecting those who are not vaccinated, such as individuals with weakened immune systems.

**Critical Threshold**: The percentage of vaccinated individuals required to achieve herd immunity varies depending on the virus, population density, and other factors, but generally ranges from 70% to 95%.

**Vaccine Efficacy**: Vaccine efficacy measures a vaccine's ability to prevent disease.

A higher efficacy rate indicates better protection against the virus.

**Immune Response Duration**: The duration of immunity varies depending on the vaccine and individual, but booster shots can help maintain immunity over time.

**Vaccine Distribution**: Equitable vaccine distribution is crucial for achieving herd immunity, as it ensures that vulnerable populations receive timely access to vaccines.

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